Npv of a merger synergy v ab v a v b the npvsynergy premium. One of these approaches is solar tracking systems, where the solar pv moves with the sun in order to capture the maximum direct solar radiation. With the sun always facing the panel, the maximum energy can be absorbed, as the panel is operating at their greatest efficiency. There are other factors that affect these values, first of all the material of photovoltaic panels, the monocrystalline silicon has lower values about 0. Finally, it is not recommended to use solar trackers with small pv arrays because of the energy. Npv, or net present value, is used to evaluate a project or investments presentday worth.
Solar abstractin this paper, a solar tracking system for renewable energy is designed and built to collect free energy from the sun, store it in the battery, and convert this energy to alternating current ac. Pdf the output power produced by highconcentration solar thermal and. It is an electronic pv tracking controller system that determines the position of. With a unique combination of strategic thinking, creatizvity, and technological expertise, we design and build powerful internet solutions. Introduction need for solar tracker dual axis tracker block diagram circuit diagram advantages disadvantages uses conclusion 2. The difference between present value pv and net present. Net present value, mergers and acquisitions assignment.
Payloads are usually solar panels, parabolic troughs, fresnel reflectors, lenses or the mirrors of a heliostat. Performance of a solar pv tracking system on tropic regions. Development of dualaxis solar tracking using arduino with. Solar tracking system an overview sciencedirect topics. Solar tracking system mini project pdf downloads in this paper is described the design and construction of a microcontroller based solar panel tracking system. Mwithiga and kigos coffee bean manual sun tracking dryer. This needs only maximum sunlight to generate power. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun s path to maximize energy capture.
Effective charge controller with data acquisition options for pv powered. When a control loop is in manual, with pv tracking turned on, the controller setpoint sp will follow the pv. As the sun moves, the system will use the rollstepper motor to track the movement in azimuth plane and tiltstepper motor to track the movement in the altitude plane to get the best tilt angle. A few issues ago, we featured an ingenious lowcost solar furnace built by a fellow named charles curnutt out in twentynine palms, california. Closedloop types of sun tracking systems are based on feedback control principles. When the loop is returned to auto, there is no sudden movement of the process, because the pv is already at setpoint. Energy loss due to mechanical friction is minimal due to its simplicity. The ldr light dependant resistor had been used to sense. In other terms, the synergies deriving from the merger must exceed the initially lost value.
Thus, the lands capacity for mounting pv panels can be dramatically decreased. A solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the sun. Feb 21, 2014 to improve the sun tracking, a stand alone sun tracker can be designed using 18 seriespic microcontroller. In remote areas the sun is a cheap source of electricity because instead of hydraulic generators it uses solar cells to produce electricity. Advantages and disadvantages of a sun tracker system. Specific net present value npv kwp 2524 3573 2508 internal rate of return irr % 6. Deployment of rooftop solar pv systems for distributed generation. Solar tracker st12slt with backstructure for 12 panels 2,16 kwp single axis or dual axis solar tracker with accuracy better than 0,5 deg and backstructure for 12 pieces of solar panels dimensions 0,82 m x 1,604 m and weight of 25 kg max each. Automatic sun tracking system for street light applications. Explore automatic sun tracking system with free download of seminar report and ppt in pdf and doc format. Therefore, merger and acquisition decisions should be consistent with shareholder wealth maximization criteria, and financial characteristics of the targets should be considered in the decisionmaking process.
The surface can be rotated around each axis tilted to achieve an appropriate angle with respect to the incident solar beam. Solar pv tracking systems can increase output ee publishers. Trackers can be of simple or complex design, and different types of. Npv is the acronym for net present value, which can be calculated as follows. In this study, fixed flat plate system and sun tracking system with flat plate pv module are evaluated. Existing methods microcontroller based systems can be existing. There are both sun sensing systems that use a balance of sunlight on two or more photoreceptors to indicate that the array is aligned with the sun or alternatively the lack of light when using a shadow bar sensor. We can define three axes for a moving surface which represents a receiver. Jun 05, 2016 question net present value, mergers and acquisitions. The net present value npv of a project is difference between of benefits and of costs. Outlines the many ways in which logistics management can impact on overall return on investment and, ultimately, shareholder value.
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are arranged in a gridlike. Tiberiu tudorache et al 6 compared the solar tracking pv panel. Abstract solar tracking system is a power generating method from sunlight. Design and development of a sun tracking mechanism using the. Solar tracking systems are essential for solar energy based power generation systems. What is the formula for calculating net present value npv. Roth et al 2004 6 designed and constructed a system. Various methods are developed for efficient and cost effective tracking systems with the objectives of friction free, sensitive and efficient sun tracking system. For the simulation, life cycle analysis is applied and it is estimated very carefully.
Design and development of a sun tracking mechanism using. Current pv cells technology takes advantage mainly from beam radiation. That is why many solar angles are used in pv power calculations, and solar tracking systems improve the efficiency of pv panels by following the sun through the sky. Index termsdecade counter, 555 timer, ldr, solar tracking system, stepper motor. Advantages and disadvantages of a solar tracker system.
The system was controlled by a closedloop servo system consisting of a fourquadrant photodetector figure 3a to sense the sun s position and two small dc motors to drive the instrument platform in such a way that the sun s image remained at. Pdf hardware sun tracking systems and digital sun position. Mumba developed a manual solar tracking system for a pv powered. On the other hand, projected shadows between devices make mandatory to increase the distances between mounting systems. If pv tracking is turned off, returning to auto will drive the loop to. The implemented system which ensures 25 to 30% of more energy conversion than the existing static solar module system. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun.
We have sold systems north and south of the equator, east and west of utc. In this paper the hardware of a low cost automatic solar energy tracking system has been designed and successfully implemented. Solar tracking for maximum and economic energy harvesting. Utilityscale and large projects usually use horizontal singleaxis solar trackers, while dualaxis trackers are mostly used in smaller residential applications and locations with high government feedintariffs. Solar panel tracker solar tracking circuit solar pv tracking systems solar. This ppt is used to explain about automatic sun tracking system for street light application. Therefore, the average solar energy is not maximized. The position and elevation of the sun in the sky changes throughout the day and this affects the output of solar panels. Horizontal axis tracker the modules rotate around a horizontal axis, tracking the sun from south to north from winter to summer.
One financial goal of financial managers is to maximize the shareholders wealth. Solar tracking system is the project that used pic16f877a microcontroller as a brain to control the whole system. According to the control system, suntrackers are usually dividedinto active controlled suntrackers and passive controlled suntrackers 2. Technologically, technologically the photovoltaic pv industry in indonesia. It is a comprehensive way to calculate whether a proposed project will be financially viable or not. Silicon like semiconductors constitute the solar cells and large number of solar cells combine to form a pv solar panel. Dec 19, 2019 present value pv is the current value of a future sum of money or stream of cash flow given a specified rate of return. A solar tracking system is a specific device intended to move the pv modules in. This article breaks down the dcf formula into simple terms with examples and a video of the calculation. The system must be able to convert the energy that is.
For example, if market expects the merger to be approved with 60% prob, then. Apr 04, 20 selecting a solar tracker depends on system size, electric rates, land constraints, government incentives, latitude and weather. Only some basic tools and the sun are needed to install this system. Automatic sun tracking system seminar report pdf ppt download abstract.
Active sun tracking systems the real improvements in efficiency come from the use of active sun tracking systems. Excel business valuation templates, addins and solutions provide a framework for determining the value of a wide range of financial assets and proposed investments to be applied in such disciplines as merger and acquisition appraisal, business cases and investment or divestment proposals. The reason that npv is often chosen as the model for financial analysts is because it evaluates the time value of money and delivers a specific comparison between initial cash outlay versus the present rate of return. This method of power generation is simple and is taken from natural resource. We can classify the suntracker mechanisms according to. Npv method is one of the useful methods that helps financial managers to maximize shareholders wealth. Large scale solar pv installations use tracking of the suns elevation andor azimuth as maximise output over the solar day. Meanwhile, net present value npv is the difference between the present.
Sun tracking systems are often used to improve the performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic plants. An economic analysis of concentrator photovoltaic technology use in south africa. As sun is a moving object, this approach is not the best method. The angle between a photovoltaic pv panel and the sun affects the efficiency of the panel. Hardware modelling of automatic solar tracking system. Maximum energy harvesting is not achieved with photovoltaic cells installed in fixed panel throughout a day. Solar tracker st44m2v4p 2axis with backstructure for 4 panels 1,0 kwp dual axis solar tracker with accuracy better than 0,5 deg and backstructure for 4 pieces of solar panels dimensions 0,99 m x 1,95 m and weight of 30 kg max each. Are solar tracking technologies feasible for domestic applications in. Automatic onaxis solar tracking in a pv solar tracking system can be dualaxis sun tracking or singleaxis sun solar tracking. In 1995, mumba 25 developed a manual solar tracking. Aswath damodaran 3 steps involved in an acquisition valuation n step 1. Automatic sun tracking system seminar report, ppt, pdf for. A comparison study was made based on fuzzy decision making method among these three sun trackers. Decide on the mode of payment cash or stock, and if cash, arrange for financing debt or equity.
Pdf performance indicators for suntracking systems. The slope is adjusted on the first day of every month so that the suns rays are perpendicular to. I am providing information on the full case, including the questions relative to the net present value portion of the required info. Aim of the project implementation of the automatic street light. Pdf a comprehensive financial analysis for dualaxis sun. With the algorithm being defined, sun tracking system will start tracking from sun rise. Convert the energy stored in the battery to 120 vac, 60hz. It is concerned with the present value of cash flows that are taking place in some future.
The paper continues with specific design methodologies pertaining to light dependent resistor ldr, dc motors, solar panel, and a software. The dualaxis tracker is a very compatible system to be developed with the usage of labview interface for arduino. The results showed that the average improvement, using the sun tracking system, was 32. In 18 series pic microcontroller, data can be stored periodically in mmc card. The main objective for this project is to develop the sun tracking solar system model which is a device that follow the movement of the sun regardless of motor speed. So, the project that wants to develop here is called solar tracking system. If the installation and running costs of these tracking systems are reasonable, there will be a possibility of increasing the energy yield per unit area of the solar plant. So, it doesnt matter where on earth you are, the heliostat works anywhere. This method focuses on the present value of cash compared to the ultimate return of the cash outcome. Net present value npv is a core component of corporate budgeting.
The active controlled suntrackers use motors and mechanical systems to trans. Also, a simple onedimensional control mechanism is used to drive the tracking system. Solar tracking systems dual axis left and single axis right 78. A sun tracker is a machine that is designed as a mounting for photovoltaic panels so that they track the sun in such a way that the incident angle of solar radiation with the panels is as less as possible, thereby increasing energetic production with respect to fixed systems. Design of a solar tracking system for renewable energy. A suitable for pv panels, concentrators cpv, heliostats. I did the solar tracking with pv panel project in three mode of operation, 1.
Block diagram of system this paper proposes the use of dualaxis solar tracker. Discounted cash flow dcf formula guide how to calculate npv. Explains the rationale behind total cost analysis, a systematic logisticsoriented cost accounting system and the principal requirements for an effective logistics costing system. Doityourself solar tracking system mother earth news. One and two axis solar tracking system only represent 27 % of the total power plant capacity worldwide in 2008 3. An insight on advantage of hybrid sunwindtracking over sun. Both motors will track the sun every 10 minutes until sunset. Solar is a nonconventional source of energy, considering this we have developed solar panels so that we can fulfill our electricity need. Net present value, mergers and acquisitions assignment essays. Pdf on nov 1, 2018, milad sadatmohammadi and others published a comprehensive financial analysis for dualaxis sun tracking system in iran photovoltaic panels find, read and cite all the. Automatic sun tracking system seminar reportpdfppt download. Npv vs xnpv net present value npv is defined as the difference between the existing value of net cash arrivals and the existing value of total cash expenditures while npv is most helpful in the case of periodic cash flows, xnpv, on the other hand, determines the net present value for a range of cash payments that need not be essentially perio.
Sun tracking system rahul raj free download as powerpoint presentation. In these systems, a number of inputs are transferred to a controller from sensors which detect relevant parameters induced by the sun, manipulated in the controller and then yield outputs i. One of the solutions is to actively track the sun using a sun tracking device to move the solar panel to follow the sun. The decay of the photovoltaic system did not yield a clear trend, in the first 2 years of the decade at most 23%, for the next 8 years maximum of 0. Value the target with the acquisition motive built in.
Status and future of solar photovoltaics pv tracking progress to accelerate. We are passionate about transforming the way business gets done. Dual axis sun tracking system with pv panel as the sensor. The present value is an important concept of financial management.
To improve the sun tracking, a stand alone sun tracker can be designed using 18 seriespic microcontroller. Section 5 gives a case study where the problem is applied to evaluate the npv of pv systems in residence. What is net present value and how do you calculate it. Once the suntracking and hybrid sunwindtracking systems have been designed and constructed, the next step is to establish the framework of the study, which is focused on the analysis of the hybrid sunwindtracker, its comparison with conventional fixed module, and a dualaxes suntracker system, both with the same pv installed power. The control circuit is used to sense sunlight falling on the ldr, the switch in the circuit will be closed. Also explore the seminar topics paper on automatic sun tracking system with abstract or synopsis, documentation on advantages and disadvantages, base paper presentation slides for ieee final year electronics and telecommunication engineering or ece students for the year 2015 2016. Solar tracking system reshmi banerjee electrical engineering department, guru nanak institute of technology. It studies both the irradiance and the tracking errors under varying conditions.
The system must be able to track the sun in order to absorb the highest amount of solar energy possible. In active systems, the motor itself is connected to a device that determines the angle of the sun. Solar tracking sun position sun tracking sun following gerro prinsloo. Racking for maximum solar power save 15 20% on whole system based on output performance payoff in a less time abstract this paper enumerates and compares various methods of flatplate, one sun photovoltaic electric pv installation with respect to the power production levels they allow over a full year. Types of tracking systems tracking systems are classified by the mode of their motion. Photovoltaic pv, solar tracker, azimuth tracking, lightdependant resistor ldr.
If npv jun 01, 2015 before going into the detail of net present value npv and internal rate of return irr, few of the basic concepts are important to know. Npvpvbpvc if npv 0 then pvbpvc and should undertake project. Efficiency of 9kwp sun tracking photovoltaic in palembang. It provides a development in the performance and the efficiency of the motion controller driving system positioning system interconnection in a typical solar tracking system as well. Choose the accounting method for the merger acquisition. However, their power consumption still remains a challenge till date.
In the closedloop system the sensor senses the position of the sun and sends a signal to the controlling. For flatpanel photovoltaic systems, trackers are used to minimize the angle of incidence between the incoming sunlight and a photovoltaic panel, sometimes known. Review on sun tracking technology in solar pv system sciencedirect. Npv of a merger synergy v ab v a v b the npvsynergy. Pv system installed in a desert area to obtain a possibility. In photovoltaic systems, trackers help minimize the angle of incidence the angle that a ray of light makes with a line perpendicular to the surface. Abdallah and nijmeh 2004 5 developed the twoaxis sun tracking system with an open loop programmable logic controller plc. In the verge of a major energy crisis as energy consumption is increasing day by day and energy sources are depleting. In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement. Minimum components cost acquisition for the tracker. Estimating market value one must be careful when estimating the value of a merger this is because the market react to news of a merger, that changes the value of acquirer. Also known as discounted cash flow dcf, calculating npv is a common economic and finance.
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